Deciduous Trees:

• Beech (Fagus)
• Birch (Betula)
• Black Locust and Thornless Honeylocust (Robinia pseudoacacia and Gleditsia tiacanthos var. inermis)
• Elms (Ulmus) and Zelkova (Zelkova)
• Hickories and Walnuts (Carya and Juglans)
• Horsechestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum)
• Kentucky Coffeetree (Gymnocladus dioicus)
• Maples (Acer)
• Maackia (Maackia)
• Osage-orange (Maclura pomifera)
• Scholar-tree (Sophora japonica)
• Yellowwood (Cladrastis kentukea)

Deciduous and Evergreen Shrubs:

• Barberry (Berberis) Note: select cultivars of Japanese barberry that have low fruiting potential (Longwood Gardens trials) or species and hybrids such as the William Penn Barberry (B. x gladwynensis "William Penn") which no not set fruit in our hardiness zone.
• Bayberry (Myrica)
• Beautybush (Kolkwitzia amabilis)
• Blue-mist Shrub (Caryopteris x clandonensis)
• Bottlebrush and Red Buckeyes (Aesculus parviflora and A. pavia)
• Boxwood (Buxus)
• Broom (Cytisus) Note: can be invasive.
• Buffaloberries (Shepherdia)
• Bush Cinquefoil (Potentilla fruticosa and cultivars)
• Butterfly-Bush (Buddleja)
• Castor-aralia (Kalopanax septemlobus)
• Cutleaf Stephanandra (Stephanandra incisa)
• Dahurian Rhododendron (Rhododendron dauricum) and P.J.M. hybrids
• Elaegnus (Elaeagnus) Note: avoid the invasive Autumn and Russian Olives, instead try our native Silverberry (E. commutata)
• Fiveleaf Aralia (Eleutherococcus sieboldianus)
• Japanese and Mountain Pieris (Pieris japonica and P. floribunda)
• Lilacs (Syringa)
• Magnolias (Magnolia)
• Pfitzer Juniper (Juniperus pfitzeriana)
• Prinsepia (Prinsepia)
• Redvein Enkianthus (Enkianthus campanulatus)
• Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides)
• Siberian Peashrub (Caragana arborescens)
• Spicebush (Lindera benzoin)
• Spireas (evaluated Spiraea x bumalda cultivars, S. japonica, S. nipponica cultivars, S. x vanhouttei, S. dolchica, and S. prunifolia)
• Snowberry, Coralberry (Symphoricarpos)
• Summersweet (Clethra alnifolia)
• Sweetfern (Comptonia peregrina)
• Viburnums (evaluated Viburnum acerifolium, V. alnifolium, V. x burkwoodii and cultivars, V. carlesii, V. x carcephalum, V. cassinoides, V. dentatum, V. dilatatum and cultivars, V. lantana, V. opulus and cultivars, V. plicatum var. tomentosum cultivars, V. prunifolium, V. x rhytidophylloides and cultivars, V. sargentii and cultivars, V. trilobum and cultivars)
• Yellowroot (Xanthorhiza simplicissima)

Evergreen Trees:

• California Incensecedar (Calocedrus decurrens)
• Spruce (Picea)
• Western and Oriental Arborvitae (Thuja plicata and T. orientalis)

Note: Virtually all of these plants may be selected for food during times of harsh winters and high deer populations when deer are approaching starvation.